Ключарёв Василий Андреевич

Power of Feedback-Induced Beta Oscillations Reflect Omission of Rewards: Evidence From an EEG Gambling Study

2018 · ARTICLE · en

The functional role of high beta oscillations (20-35 Hz) during feedback processing has been suggested to reflect unexpected gains. Using a novel gambling task that separates gains and losses across blocks and directly compares reception of monetary rewards to a ‘no-reward/punishment’ condition with equal probability we aimed to further investigate the role of beta oscillations. When contrasting different feedback conditions across rewards, we found that a late low beta component (12-20 Hz) had increased in power during the omission of rewards relative to the reception of rewards, while no differences were observed during the loss domain. These findings may indicate that late low beta oscillations in the context of feedback processing may respond to omission of gains relative to other potential outcomes. We speculate that late low beta oscillations may operate as a learning mechanism that signals the brain to make future adequate decisions. Overall, our study provides new insights for the role of late low beta oscillations in reward processing.

Correlation of cue-locked FRN and feedback-locked FRN in the auditory monetary incentive delay task

2018 · ARTICLE · en

Reflecting the discrepancy between received and predicted outcomes, the reward prediction error (RPE) plays an important role in learning in a dynamic environment. A number of studies suggested that the feedback-related negativity (FRN) component of an event-related potential, known to be associated with unexpected outcomes, encodes RPEs. While FRN was clearly shown to be sensitive to the probability of outcomes, the effect of outcome magnitude on FRN remains to be further clarified. In studies on the neural underpinnings of reward anticipation and outcome evaluation, a monetary incentive delay (MID) task proved to be particularly useful. We investigated whether feedback-locked FRN and cue-locked dN200 responses recorded during an auditory MID task were sensitive to the probability and magnitude of outcomes. The cue-locked dN200 is associated with the update of information about the magnitude of prospective outcomes. Overall, we showed that feedback-locked FRN was modulated by both the magnitude and the probability of outcomes during an auditory version of MID task, whereas no such effect was found for cue-locked dN200. Furthermore, the cue-locked dN200, which is associated with the update of information about the magnitude of prospective outcomes, correlated with the standard feedback-locked FRN, which is associated with a negative RPE. These results further expand our knowledge on the interplay between the processing of predictive cues that forecast future outcomes and the subsequent revision of these predictions during outcome delivery. we showed that feedback-locked FRN was modulated by both the magnitude and the probability of outcomes during an auditory version of MID task, whereas no such effect was found for cue-locked dN200. Furthermore, the cue-locked dN200, which is associated with the update of information about the magnitude of prospective outcomes, correlated with the standard feedback-locked FRN, which is associated with a negative RPE. These results further expand our knowledge on the interplay between the processing of predictive cues that forecast future outcomes and the subsequent revision of these predictions during outcome delivery. we showed that feedback-locked FRN was modulated by both the magnitude and the probability of outcomes during an auditory version of MID task, whereas no such effect was found for cue-locked dN200. Furthermore, the cue-locked dN200, which is associated with the update of information about the magnitude of prospective outcomes, correlated with the standard feedback-locked FRN, which is associated with a negative RPE. These results further expand our knowledge on the interplay between the processing of predictive cues that forecast future outcomes and the subsequent revision of these predictions during outcome delivery. which is associated with the update of information about the magnitude of prospective outcomes, correlated with the standard feedback-locked FRN, which is associated with a negative RPE. These results further expand our knowledge on the interplay between the processing of predictive cues that forecast future outcomes and the subsequent revision of these predictions during outcome delivery. which is associated with the update of information about the magnitude of prospective outcomes, correlated with the standard feedback-locked FRN, which is associated with a negative RPE. These results further expand our knowledge on the interplay between the processing of predictive cues that forecast future outcomes and the subsequent revision of these predictions during outcome delivery.

Influence of cathodal and anodal tDCS of the pMFC on choice-induced preference changes

2018 · CHAPTER · en

Cognitive dissonance is an inner conflict caused by an inconsistency between a person’s opinions, attitudes, preferences or actions. It motivates people to reduce emerged discomfort by changing their contradicting opinions or preferences to minimize the discrepancy between them (Festinger, 1957). In difficult choices when a person has to choose between two or more equally preferred options this effect decreased preference for rejected option (Brehm, 1956). The neuronal mechanisms of cognitive dissonance are still not clear. Recent neuroimaging studies revealed several brain regions involved in preference changes induced by cognitive dissonance (Izuma et al., 2010; van Veen, Krug, Schooler, & Carter, 2009)actions simply reflect an individual’s preferences, whereas a psychological phenomenon called \» cognitive dissonance \» claims that actions can also create preference. Cognitive dissonance theory states that after making a difficult choice between two equally preferred items, the act of rejecting a favorite item induces an uncomfortable feeling (cognitive dissonance, but here we focus on the posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC)(Colosio, Shestakova, Nikulin, Blagovechtchenski, & Klucharev, 2017). So as this region is activated during performing tasks with cognitive dissonance non-invasive stimulation of the pMFC can modulate the magnitude of effect and consequential decreasing of preferences (Izuma et al., 2015)preference for the chosen item will increase and preference for the unchosen item will decrease because of the choice made. In other words, we tend to justify or rationalize our past behavior by changing our attitude. This phenomenon of choice-induced preference change has been traditionally explained by cognitive dissonance theory. Choosing something that is disliked or not choosing something that is liked are both cognitively inconsistent and, to reduce this inconsistency, people tend to change their subsequently stated preference in accordance with their past choices. Previously, human neuroimaging studies identified posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFCthrough changing of neurons membrane potential. In our study, for the first time, we used transcranial direct 894 current stimulation (tDCS) of the pMFC to try to decrease and to increase the magnitude of choice-induced preference changes.

Зеленая инфраструктура городской среды: современное состояние и перспективы развития: Сборник статей II международной научнопрактической конференции

2018 · BOOK · ru

Книга представляет собой сборник статей II международной научно-практической конференции «Зеленая инфраструктура городской среды: современное состояние и перспективы развития» (Воронеж, 29-30 августа 2018 г.). Зеленая инфраструктура – широкий термин, обозначающий сеть зеленых пространств и водоемов, находящихся в пределах «серой инфраструктуры» - зоны городских построек. Она состоит из зеленых участков и коридоров, связанных с более широким ландшафтом за пределами города. Эти участки и коридоры находятся в жилых, коммерческих и торговых зонах; это могут быть парки, сады, уличные деревья, сады на крыше, зеленые стены, реки и пруды. Основная причина интереса к зеленой инфраструктуре в мире – это желание сделать город более благоприятным местом для жизни. Исследования, исторические свидетельства и непосредственный опыт наглядно демонстрируют важную роль зеленой инфраструктуры в улучшении условий городской жизни. Хорошо разработанная, комплексная зеленая инфраструктура улучшает условия жизни, привлекает людей, способствует развитию торговли, повышает стоимость недвижимости, снижает уровень преступности и приводит к большей социальной сплоченности – чем лучше место, тем лучше в нем люди. Цели Конференции: - создание широкой дискуссионной площадки для организации обмена информацией и опытом по вопросам зеленой инфраструктуры, как залога благоприятных условий жизни в городах; - содействие практической реализации «зелёным» инфраструктурным проектам; - содействие практической реализации формированию «зелёной» городской политики.

Neural mechanisms of cognitive dissonance (revised): An EEG study

2017 · ARTICLE · en

Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that our preferences are modulated by the mere act of choosing. A choice between two similarly valued alternatives creates psychological tension (cognitive dissonance) that is reduced by a post-decisional reevaluation of the alternatives. Our study demonstrates that choices associated with stronger cognitive dissonance trigger a larger negative fronto-central evoked response similar to error-related negativity (ERN), which has in turn been implicated in general performance monitoring. Furthermore, the amplitude of the evoked response is correlated with the reevaluation of the alternatives. We also found a link between individual neural dynamics (long-range temporal correlations-LRTC) of the fronto-central cortices during rest and follow-up neural and behavioral effects of cognitive dissonance. Individuals with stronger resting-state LRTC demonstrated a greater post-decisional reevaluation of the alternatives and larger evoked brain responses associated with stronger cognitive dissonance. Thus, our results suggest that cognitive dissonance is reflected in both resting-state and choice-related activity of the prefrontal cortex as part of the general performance-monitoring circuitry.

Transcranial alternating current stimulation modulates risky decision making in a frequency controlled experiment

2017 · ARTICLE · en

In this study, we investigated the effect of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on decision making under risk and executive control in humans. Stimulation was delivered online at 5, 10, 20, and 40 Hz on the left and right DLPFC while subjects performed a modified risky decision making task. This task allowed subjects to voluntarily switch between risky and safe options associated with potential gains or losses while simultaneously measuring the cognitive control component (voluntary switching) of decision making. Our results revealed a frequency- and hemisphere-specific effect of 20Hz tACS delivered on the left DLPFC that significantly increased risk-taking. These results suggest a modulatory role of 20 Hz neural oscillations on the left DLPFC in risk-taking perhaps by activating the brain’s reward system.

MEG Signatures of a Perceived Match or Mismatch between Individual and Group Opinions.

2017 · ARTICLE · en

Humans often adjust their opinions to the perceived opinions of others. Neural responses to a perceived match or mismatch between individual and group opinions have been investigated previously, but some findings are inconsistent. In this study, we used magnetoencephalographic source imaging to investigate further neural responses to the perceived opinions of others. We found that group opinions mismatching with individual opinions evoked responses in the anterior and posterior medial prefrontal cortices, as well as in the temporoparietal junction and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in the 220–320 and 380–530 ms time windows. Evoked responses were accompanied by an increase in the power of theta oscillations (4–8 Hz) over a number of frontal cortical sites. Group opinions matching with individual opinions evoked an increase in amplitude of beta oscillations (13–30 Hz) in the anterior cingulate and ventral medial prefrontal cortices. Based on these results, we argue that distinct valuation and performance-monitoring neural circuits in the medial cortices of the brain may monitor compliance of individual behavior to the perceived group norms.

Commentary: The Emerging Neuroscience of Third-Party Punishment

2017 · ARTICLE · en

More than a decade of neuroimaging research has established that several distinct brain networks are consistently recruited during social punishment, that is, the propensity of cooperative individuals to spend some of their resources penalizing norm violators. Studies in behavioral economics have shown that social punishment can explain why genetically unrelated individuals are often able to maintain high levels of socially beneficial cooperation (Fehr & Gächter 2002; de Quervain et al., 2004; Gureck et al., 2006). In particular, social norms can be reinforced by parties that are directly affected by norm violators (“second parties” punishment – SPP) and parties that are financially unaffected (“third parties” – TPP) (Fehr & Fischbacher, 2004). Importantly, norm violations often do not hurt other people directly. Thus, third-party sanctions are particularly effective at reinforcing group norms that regulate human behavior (Bendor & Swistak, 2001; Fehr & Fischbacher, 2004). Pioneering behavioral studies have showed that strong emotions trigger the willingness to punish norm violators (Hirshleifer, 1987; Frank, 1988; Fehr & Gächter, 2002); in particular, TPP is motivated by both empathy toward the victim and anger toward the norm violator (Batson et al., 2007; Pedersen, 2012). Recently, neuroimaging studies have demonstrated a critical role of executive (the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, DLPFC) and mentalizing (the temporoparietal junction, TPJ) brain regions in TPP (Baumgartner et al., 2012; Bellucci et al., 2016). Thus, neuroscience studies could help to further develop psychological theories of TPP by clarifying the specific neurocognitive mechanisms triggering punishment decisions in various social contexts.

Свобода воли: Нейроэкономический подход

2017 в печати · ARTICLE · ru

В статье обсуждаются некотрые современные нейрофизиологические и философские подходы к проблеме существовании свободой воли. Автор статьи приводит аргументы, демонстрирующие слабость позиции современных научных школ, поддерживающих традиционное представление о свободе выбора человека. Статья демонстрирует, что наличие стохастических процессов в нервной системе и наличие нисходящего нейрофизиологического влияния на восприятие и поведение человека не являются достаточными аргументами в пользу принципиальной свободы выбора.

AN ANALYSIS OF BRAND ASSOCIATION PERCEPTION USING N400 EVOKED POTENTIAL

2017 · PREPRINT · en