Штыров Юрий Юрьевич

Институт когнитивных нейронаук

Профиль на hse.ru ↗ тел.: 2237

Публикаций

155

Языков

Наград

Конференций

Профиль Публикации (155) Курсы (0)

Профессиональные интересы

физиология центральной нервной системыязыкэкспериментальная психологиякогнитивная нейронауканейровизуализация

Должности

Директор центра — Институт когнитивных нейронаук, Центр исследований интеллекта и когнитивного благополучия
Ведущий научный сотрудник — Институт когнитивных нейронаук, Центр исследований интеллекта и когнитивного благополучия
Ведущий научный сотрудник — Институт когнитивных нейронаук, Центр нейроэкономики и когнитивных исследований

Био

· Начал работать в НИУ ВШЭ в 2013 году.
· Научно-педагогический стаж: 25 лет.

Образование

2001 · PhD: Университет Хельсинки
1994 · Специалитет: Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, специальность «Физиология», квалификация «Биолог-физиолог»

Опыт работы

· Yury Shtyrov (Professor, Head of MEG/EEG at the Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University; Visiting Professor/PI at the HSE CDM Centre) has many years of international experience in studying human neurocognitive functions, in particular neurobiological foundations of the human speech and language function. His particular contribution to the science of language has been in uncovering early and automatic stages of language processing and in detailing the time course of spoken language comprehension in the brain. This work has to a large extent contributed to a dramatic change in our understanding of how the brain analyses speech, which has occurred in recent years. It shows how memory traces for linguistic elements in the brain can be probed using objective imaging tools, how they develop with learning, interact on different levels, as well as the interaction between the cognitive systems of language and attention. Most importantly, this work shows that these different processes occur rapidly and in parallel, something that was first met with disbelief but is now becoming generally accepted thanks to this and similar work. We are very pleased to have Prof. Shtyrov as our close collaborator in a range of projects focussed on human mechanisms of comminication, perception and cognitive control using MEG, EEG, TMS, behavioural and other methodologies.
· 2013–настоящее время Professor - Head of MEG Group MINDLab - Centre for Functionally Integrative Neuroscience (CFIN) Institute for Clinical Medicine Aarhus University, Denmark
· 2011–2012: Professor - Director of the Cognitive Brain Research Unit at the IBS - Universityof Helsinki, Institute of Behavioural Sciences (IBS), Helsinki, Finland
· 2007–2013: Senior Scientist (Programme Leader Track) and Head of Magneto- and Electroencephalography (since 2011) - Medical Research Council (MRC), Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit. Cambridge, United Kingdom
· 2000–2007: Research Associate (Post-Doctoral Research Scientist)
· 2000-2003: / Senior Investigator Scientist
· 2003-2007: Since
· 2006: also MEG Lab Manager - MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit. Cambridge, United Kingdom
· 1997–2000: Researcher - Cognitive Brain Research Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki,Finland
· 1994–1997: Младший научный сотрудник - Отдел физиологии и патологии речи, СПб НИИ Уха, Горла, Носа и Речи. Санкт-Петербург, Россия

Награды и поощрения

· Благодарственное письмо ректора НИУ ВШЭ (сентябрь 2021)
· Надбавка за публикацию в журнале из Списка А (и приравненном к нему научном издании) (2025–2026)
· Надбавка за публикацию в международном рецензируемом научном издании (2021–2022)

Гранты и проекты

2015 · AUFF Research Foundation, Denmark, 2014. PI on a 6-month visiting professorship grant, DKK 284 000, 2014-2015.
2017 · Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark, 2014. PI on 3-year project grant: Neural Speech Processing as Covert Index of Consciousness in Coma, Vegetative State, and Minimally Conscious Patients. DKK ~1.6 mln (~€ 210 000), 2014-2017.
2016 · Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark, 2013. PI on 3-year project grant: Rapid formation of lexical memory circuits in human neocortex. DKK 3 mln (~€ 400 000), 2014-2016.
— · Pufendorf Institute, Lund, Sweden, 2013. HuMeNs - – Advanced Study Group on neuroscience of knowledge acquisition. Co-applicants: Profs. M. Lindgren, M. Horne, F. Ståhlberg, D Topgaard et al. (Lund U), ~100000 SEK.
2017 · Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council & Medical Research Council, UK, 2012. Co-PI on 5-year partnership programme grant: Building capacity in UK clinical MEG research. Co-applicants: Profs K. Singh (U Cardiff), K. Nobre (U Oxford), Dr G. Barnes (UCL) et al. ~£1.3 mln. 2013-2017.
2013 · European Commission Tempus IV programme, 2010. Co-PI on a 3.5-year project grant: Postgraduate training network in biotechnology of 3.5-year project grant. Co-applicants: K. Kaila, (Helsinki U)., I. Pavlov (UCL), A. Shestakova (St. Petersburg U.), V. Klucharev (FC Donders) et al. ~€ 1 mln. 2010-2013.
2011 · Federal Agency for Science and Innovation, Russian Federation, 2010. PI on a 2-year project grant №02.740.11.5148: Introduction of novel methodologies into science, medicine and education in RF: using magnetoencephalography for mapping brain function. RUB 2 mln. 2010-2011.
2014 · Medical Research Council, UK, 2009. PI on 5-year research programme U.1055.04.014.00001.01: Early automaticity of neural language processing: lexical, morphosyntactic and methodological perspectives. ~£1.4 mln. 2009-2014.
2011 · GlaxoSmithKline, UK, 2009. Co-PI on a 2-year industrial collaborative research programme: Biomarkers of schizophrenia. PIs: Profs F. Pulvermuller & Y. Shtyrov. £ 150 000, 2009-2011.
2016 · Elekta Neuromag Ltd, Sweden-Finland, 2006. Co-PI on a 10-year industrial research collaboration programme: Clinical utility of magnetoencephalography. PIs: Profs F. Pulvermuller, Y. Shtyrov, R. Henson. £ 100 000. 2007-2016.
2009 · European Commission Tempus programme, 2005. Co-PI on a 3.5-year project grant. Co-applicants: Drs I. Pavlov (UCL), A. Shestakova (Helsinki U.), O. Pongs (Hamburg U.), V. Klucharev (FC Donders), I. Kanunikov (St. Petersburg U.). € 500 000. 2006-2009.
2003 · Finnish Graduate School of Psychology, 1999. Four-year PhD research fellowship, FIM 400 000. 1999-2003.
2000 · Cognitive Brain Research Unit, University of Helsinki, Finland, 1998. Two-year research grant, funded by the Finnish Work Environment Fund. Co-applicant: Dr. T. Kujala. FIM 300 000. 1998-2000
1999 · University of Helsinki, Finland, 1998. Six-month personal grant. FIM 9 000. 1998-1999
— · Centre for International Mobility, Finland, 1998. Six-month personal research grant. FIM 36 000
1998 · Centre for International Mobility, Finland, 1997. One-year personal research grant. FIM 60 000. 1997-1998.

Конференции (5)

Показать все

· 2025: CogSci2025 (Сан-Франциско). Доклад: Age-related changes in cognitive flexibility: fMRI meta‐analysis
· 2018: 24th AMLaP conference, Architectures and Mechanisms of Language Processing (Берлин). Доклад: PERCEPTUAL PRIMING AND SYNTACTIC CHOICE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE: MULTIMODAL STUDY.
· 2018: 24th AMLaP conference, Architectures and Mechanisms of Language Processing (Берлин). Доклад: PERCEPTUAL PRIMING AND SYNTACTIC CHOICE IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE: MULTIMODAL STUDY.
· 2017: 5th Polish Eye Tracking Conference (Люблин). Доклад: The role of attention in sentence production: beyond visual modality
· 2016: 8th Annual Meeting of the Society for the Neurobiology of Language (Лондон). Доклад: The effects of cross-linguistic phonologic and semantic overlap in masked priming paradigm: behavioral and ERP evidence

Идентификаторы исследователя

ORCID: 0000-0001-7203-4902
ResearcherID: I-3421-2013
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.ru/citations?user=VqgPbV0AAAAJ&hl=en
Scopus AuthorID: 6701617874

Публикации (155)

Neural dynamics of inflectional and derivational morphology processing in the human brain

2013 · ARTICLE · en

We investigated neural distinctions between inflectional and derivational morphology and their interaction with lexical frequency using the mismatch negativity (MMN), an established neurophysiological index of experience-dependent linguistic memory traces and automatic syntactic processing. We presented our electroencephalography (EEG) study participants with derived and inflected words of variable lexical frequencies against their monomorphemic base forms in a passive oddball paradigm, along with acoustically matched pseudowords. Sensor space and distributed source modelling results showed that at 100-150 msec after the suffix onset, derived words elicited larger responses than inflected words. Furthermore, real derived words showed advantage over pseudo-derivations and frequent derivations elicited larger activation than less frequent ones. This pattern of results is fully in line with previous research that explained lexical MMN enhancement by an activation of strongly connected word-specific long-term memory circuits, and thus suggests stronger lexicalisation for frequently used complex words. At the same time, a strikingly different pattern was found for inflectional forms: higher response amplitude for pseudo-inflections than for real inflected words, with no clear frequency effects. This is fully in line with previous MMN results on combinatorial processing of (morpho)syntactic stimuli: higher response to ungrammatical morpheme strings than grammatical ones, which does not depend on the string's surface frequency. This pattern suggests that, for inflectional forms, combinatorial processing route dominates over whole-form storage and access. In sum, our results suggest that derivations are more likely to form unitary representations than inflections which are likely to be processed combinatorially, and imply at least partially distinct brain mechanisms for the processing and representation of these two types of morphology. These dynamic mechanisms, underpinned by perisylvian networks, are activated rapidly, at 100-150 msec after the information arrives at the input, and in a largely automatic fashion, possibly providing neural basis for the first-pass morphological processing of spoken words.

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Multiple routes for compound word processing in the brain: Evidence from EEG.

2013 · ARTICLE · en

Are compound words represented as unitary lexical units, or as individual constituents that are processed combinatorially? We investigated the neuro-cognitive processing of compounds using EEG and a passive-listening oddball design in which lexical access and combinatorial processing elicit dissociating Mismatch Negativity (MMN) brain-response patterns. MMN amplitude varied with compound frequency and semantic transparency (the clarity of the relationship between compound and constituent meanings). Opaque compounds elicited an enhanced 'lexical' MMN, reflecting stronger lexical representations, to high- vs. low-frequency compounds. Transparent compounds showed no frequency effect, nor differed to pseudo-compounds, reflecting the combination of a reduced 'syntactic' MMN indexing combinatorial links, and an enhanced 'lexical' MMN for real-word compounds compared to pseudo-compounds. We argue that transparent compounds are processed combinatorially alongside parallel lexical access of the whole-form representation, but whole-form access is the dominant mechanism for opaque compounds, particularly those of high-frequency. Results support a flexible dual-route account of compound processing.

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Neural dynamics of inflectional and derivational processing in spoken word comprehension: Laterality and automaticity

2013 · ARTICLE · en

Rapid and automatic processing of grammatical complexity is argued to take place during speech comprehension, engaging a left-lateralized fronto-temporal language network. Here we address how neural activity in these regions is modulated by the grammatical properties of spoken words. We used combined magneto- and electroencephalography to delineate the spatiotemporal patterns of activity that support the recognition of morphologically complex words in English with inflectional (-s) and derivational (-er) affixes (e.g., bakes, baker). The mismatch negativity, an index of linguistic memory traces elicited in a passive listening paradigm, was used to examine the neural dynamics elicited by morphologically complex words. Results revealed an initial peak 130-180 ms after the deviation point with a major source in left superior temporal cortex. The localization of this early activation showed a sensitivity to two grammatical properties of the stimuli: (1) the presence of morphological complexity, with affixed words showing increased left-laterality compared to non-affixed words; and (2) the grammatical category, with affixed verbs showing greater left-lateralization in inferior frontal gyrus compared to affixed nouns (bakes vs. beaks). This automatic brain response was additionally sensitive to semantic coherence (the meaning of the stem vs. the meaning of the whole form) in left middle temporal cortex. These results demonstrate that the spatiotemporal pattern of neural activity in spoken word processing is modulated by the presence of morphological structure, predominantly engaging the left-hemisphere's fronto-temporal language network, and does not require focused attention on the linguistic input.

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Interfaces between language and cognition

2013 · ARTICLE · en

One of the most intriguing and challenging questions in the interdisciplinary study of mental processes and underlying brain mechanisms is how language is related to thought. The question is by no means new. Scholars have attempted to unravel the relationship between language and thought since the early days of Western philosophy. Recent theories range from strictly modular accounts of linguistic processing to fully integrated theories, according to which linguistic processes strongly interact with more general cognitive mechanisms such as attention, memory, and action control. Unfortunately, theoretical exchange between proponents of these different views is often lacking. In part, this is due to the interdisciplinary nature of the question itself. As a result, researchers representing various disciplines often fail to engage in an exchange of theoretical views, research ideas, and methodological expertise. The present Frontiers' Special Topic provides a platform for such dialogue. It features contributions discussing the latest advances and challenges in the frontline research on language and cognition and attempts to provide a joint discussion forum for a wide range of researchers from the domains of cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and psycholinguistics, among others. These researchers follow different theoretical approaches and use different experimental methodologies. What unites them is their goal to understand the mechanisms underlying the interplay between linguistic and general cognitive processes. General cognitive mechanisms in linguistic communication do not only include retrieval and processing of linguistic information; they also rely upon constant updating and organizing of this linguistic information in relation with other, more general representations. Some existing theoretical models assume a tight interactive coupling between domain-general and domain-specific sources of information in the cognitive organization of the linguistic faculty. Domain-specific constraints may include, for example, grammatical as well as lexical and pragmatic knowledge. Domain-general constraints comprise processing limitations imposed by the cognitive mechanisms of memory, attention, learning, and social interaction. However, much of the existing research tends to focus on one or the other of the aforementioned areas, while integrative accounts are still rather sparse at present. The aim of this Special Topic of Frontiers in Cognition is therefore to bring together researchers who, within their respective research fields and by using different methodologies, represent integrative approaches to the study of language. Our Research Topic presents a collection of seventeen excellent articles that include original research, commentaries, opinions, and reviews. A number of papers in this Topic discuss neurophysiological and behavioral evidence about the interface between language, perception, and attention. Research discussed by Roelofs and Piai (2011)suggests that word planning does not always require full executive attention while specific attention deficits may contribute to impaired language performance. The results discussed by Roelofs and Piai (2011) demonstrate how gaze shifts can be linked to the process of phonological encoding with specific focus on word production automaticity. The article by Myachykov et al. (2012) presents evidence about the special role attention plays in determining the assignment of grammatical roles and the associated syntactic choice in visually situated sentence production. Papers by Huettig et al. (2012), Knoeferle et al. (2011), and Kaiser (2012) provide complementary evidence about the involvement of the language-cognition interface during sentence comprehension in visually situated contexts. The contribution by Shtyrov (2011) reports novel findings about rapid pre-attentive mapping of novel word forms, as evidenced by changes in the dynamics of brain responses within very short exposures. Finally, Hussey and Novick (2012) report intriguing evidence about the benefits of executive control training for grammatical processing in ambiguous contexts. The question of coordination between interlocutors during dialogue is raised in two articles. Gambi and Pickering (2011) used a novel interactive methodology in order to demonstrate that interlocutors constantly coordinate their sentences to represent their partner's knowledge. They then use these representations to build unfolding predictions, which they take into account when planning self-generated utterances. Similarly, Dale and colleagues (2011) use eye-movement synchronization between interlocutors as evidence for rapid approximation of actions in dialogue and the emergence of a single coordinated interactive system. Three papers in our Topic discuss embodied and grounded aspects of language processing. Lupyan (2012) addresses the question of the language-cognition interplay from the point of view of how language affects cognition and perception. In particular, Lupyan (2012) reviews evidence showing that performance on tasks that have been presumed to be non-verbal is rapidly modulated by language. Klemfuss et al. (2012) discuss effects of language on perception by critically reviewing evidence suggesting top-down influences of linguistic representations on visual feature detection. Their own research suggests that visual search is disrupted by the automatic activation of irrelevant linguistic representations. Another important aspect of the grounded view of language is the role played by perception and action systems in the organization of abstract knowledge. Scorolli et al. (2011) discuss the crucial role played by embodied theories of cognition in linguistic experience for abstract words. A number of papers in this Special Topic discuss architectural properties of the language-cognition interface. For example, Menenti et al. (2012) investigated how brain areas adapt to repetition of various sentence properties, thereby unraveling the neuronal infrastructure for the specific components of semantic encoding. Mashal and colleagues (2012) present a novel cortical network model for observation and imitation of speech. Their results show that the network models for observation and imitation comprise the same essential structure but differ in important features that reflect distinct connectivity patterns. Andric and Small (2012) contribute to the debate by discussing how the brain processes language and co-occurring gestures. Finally, Naylor et al. (2012) focus on cognitive and electrophysiological correlates of the bilingual Stroop effect by analysing corresponding ERP components in bilingual speakers. Their research shows, among other things that color words from both languages created response conflict and that the between-within language Stroop effect reflects complex brain activity with contributions from language both and color at different task points.

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Early and parallel processing of pragmatic and semantic information in speech acts: neurophysiological evidence

2013 · ARTICLE · en

Although language is a tool for communication, most research in the neuroscience of language has focused on studying words and sentences, while little is known about the brain mechanisms of speech acts, or communicative functions, for which words and sentences are used as tools. Here the neural processing of two types of speech acts, Naming and Requesting, was addressed using the time-resolved event-related potential (ERP) technique. The brain responses for Naming and Request diverged as early as ~120 ms after the onset of the critical words, at the same time as, or even before, the earliest brain manifestations of semantic word properties could be detected. Request-evoked potentials were generally larger in amplitude than those for Naming. The use of identical words in closely matched settings for both speech acts rules out explanation of the difference in terms of phonological, lexical, semantic properties, or word expectancy. The cortical sources underlying the ERP enhancement for Requests were found in the fronto-central cortex, consistent with the activation of action knowledge, as well as in the right temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), possibly reflecting additional implications of speech acts for social interaction and theory of mind. These results provide the first evidence for surprisingly early access to pragmatic and social interactive knowledge, which possibly occurs in parallel with other types of linguistic processing, and thus supports the near-simultaneous access to different subtypes of psycholinguistic information.

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Past tense in the brain’s time: neurophysiological evidence for dual-route processing of past-tense verbs

2013 · ARTICLE · en

A controversial issue in neuro- and psycholinguistics is whether regular past-tense forms of verbs are stored lexically or generated productively by the application of abstract combinatorial schemas, for example affixation rules. The success or failure of models in accounting for this particular issue can be used to draw more general conclusions about cognition and the degree to which abstract, symbolic representations and rules are psychologically and neurobiologically real. This debate can potentially be resolved using a neurophysiological paradigm, in which alternative predictions of the brain response patterns for lexical and syntactic processing are put to the test. We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to record neural responses to spoken monomorphemic words ('hide'), pseudowords ('smide'), regular past-tense forms ('cried') and ungrammatical (overregularised) past-tense forms ('flied') in a passive listening oddball paradigm, in which lexically and syntactically modulated stimuli are known to elicit distinct patterns of the mismatch negativity (MMN) brain response. We observed an enhanced ('lexical') MMN to monomorphemic words relative to pseudowords, but a reversed ('syntactic') MMN to ungrammatically inflected past tenses relative to grammatical forms. This dissociation between responses to monomorphemic and bimorphemic stimuli indicates that regular past tenses are processed more similarly to syntactic sequences than to lexically stored monomorphemic words, suggesting that regular past tenses are generated productively by the application of a combinatorial scheme to their separately represented stems and affixes. We suggest discrete combinatorial neuronal assemblies, which bind classes of sequentially occurring lexical elements into morphologically complex units, as the neurobiological basis of regular past tense inflection.

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Brain Basis of Meaning, Words, Constructions, and Grammar

2013 · CHAPTER · en

This chapter examines the neurophysiological plausibility of some of the claims of Construction Grammar with regard to syntactic structures. It suggests that evidence from neuroscience has highly important repercussions for linguistic theory building in general and argues that the constructionist enterprise receives considerable empirical support from neurolinguistic studies. The chapter examines views on the embodiment of grammar in neuronal circuitry and contends that neurological evidence indicates that it makes sense to postulate flexible constructional templates as distinct from lexical construction storage.

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They played with the trade: MEG investigation of the processing of past tense verbs and their phonological twins

2012 · ARTICLE · en

especially impaired on regular past-tense forms like played, whether the task requires production, comprehension or even the judgement that "play" and "played" sound different. Within a dual-mechanism account of inflectional morphology, these deficits reflect disruption to the rule-based process that adds (or strips) the suffix -ed to regular verb stems; but the fact that the patients are also impaired at detecting the difference between word pairs like "tray" and "trade" (the latter being a phonological but not a morphological twin to "played") suggests an important role for phonological characteristics of the regular past tense. The present study examined MEG brain responses in healthy participants evoked by spoken regular past-tense forms and phonological twin words (plus twin pseudowords and a non-speech control) presented in a passive oddball paradigm. Deviant forms (played, trade, kwade/kwayed) relative to their standards (play, tray, kway) elicited a pronounced neuromagnetic response at approximately 130 ms after the onset of the affix; this response was maximal at sensors over temporal areas of both hemispheres but stronger on the left, especially for played and kwayed. Relative to the same standards, a different set of deviants ending in /t/--plate, trait and kwate--produced stronger difference responses especially over the right hemisphere. Results are discussed with regard to dual- and single-mechanism theories of past tense processing and the need to consider neurobiological evidence in attempts to understand inflectional morphology.

Attention to language: Novel MEG paradigm for registering involuntary language processing in the brain

2012 · ARTICLE · en

Previous research indicates that, under explicit instructions to listen to spoken stimuli or in speech-oriented behavioural tasks, the brain's responses to senseless pseudowords are larger than those to meaningful words; the reverse is true in non-attended conditions. These differential responses could be used as a tool to trace linguistic processes in the brain and their interaction with attention. However, as previous studies relied on explicit instructions to attend or ignore the stimuli, a technique for automatic attention modulation (i.e., not dependent on explicit instruction) would be more advantageous, especially when cooperation with instructions may not be guaranteed (e.g., neurological patients, children etc). Here we present a novel paradigm in which the stimulus context automatically draws attention to speech. In a non-attend passive auditory oddball sequence, rare words and pseudowords were presented among frequent non-speech tones of variable frequency and length. The low percentage of spoken stimuli guarantees an involuntary attention switch to them. The speech stimuli, in turn, could be disambiguated as words or pseudowords only in their end, at the last phoneme, after the attention switch would have already occurred. Our results confirmed that this paradigm can indeed be used to induce automatic shifts of attention to spoken input. At ~250ms after the stimulus onset, a P3a-like neuromagnetic deflection was registered to spoken (but not tone) stimuli indicating an involuntary attention shift. Later, after the word-pseudoword divergence point, we found a larger oddball response to pseudowords than words, best explained by neural processes of lexical search facilitated through increased attention. Furthermore, we demonstrate a breakdown of this orderly pattern of neurocognitive processes as a result of sleep deprivation. The new paradigm may thus be an efficient way to assess language comprehension processes and their dynamic interaction with those of attention allocation. It does it in an automatic and task-free fashion, indicating its potential benefit for assessing uncooperative clinical populations.

Ultra-rapid access to words in the brain: Neuromagnetic evidence

2012 · ARTICLE · en

Rapid information processing in the human brain is vital to survival in a highly dynamic environment. The key tool humans use to exchange information is spoken language, but the exact speed of the neuronal mechanisms underpinning speech comprehension is still unknown. Here we investigate the time course of neuro-lexical processing by analyzing neuromagnetic brain activity elicited in response to psycholinguistically and acoustically matched groups of words and pseudowords. We show an ultra-early dissociation in cortical activation elicited by these stimulus types, emerging ∼50 ms after acoustic information required for word identification first becomes available. This dissociation is the earliest brain signature of lexical processing of words so far reported, and may help explain the evolutionary advantage of human spoken language.

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